From: The Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples/Americans/J.m. Bumsted
A solid history of the United States is Hugh Brogan, Longman History of the United States of America (London, 1985). The only good recent study of the Americans in Canada is David D. Harvey, Americans in Canada: Migration and Settlement since 1840 (Lewiston, N.Y., 1991).
On the pre-Loyalists, see J.B. Brebner, The Neutral Yankees of Nova Scotia: A Marginal Colony during the Revolutionary Years (1937; repr. Toronto, 1969); George Rawlyk, Nova Scotia’s Massachusetts: A Study of Massachusetts–Nova Scotia Relations, 1630 to 1784 (Montreal, 1973); J.M. Bumsted, Henry Alline, 1748–1784 (Toronto, 1971); Margaret Conrad, ed., Making Adjustments: Change and Continuity in Planter Nova Scotia, 1749–1800 (Fredericton, 1991). For the Loyalists, see Janice Potter-MacKinnon, While the Women Only Wept: Loyalist Refugee Women (Montreal, 1993); Neil MacKinnon, This Unfriendly Soil: The Loyalist Experience in Nova Scotia, 1783– 1791 (Montreal, 1986); J.M. Bumsted, Understanding the Loyalists (Sackville, N.B., 1986); James Walker, The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870 (Halifax, 1976); Wallace Brown, The King’s Friends: The Composition and Motives of the American Loyalist Claimants (Providence, R.I., 1965). On the late Loyalists, Fred Landon, Western Ontario and the American Frontier (Toronto, 1967), is valuable. The War of 1812 can be followed in Morris Zaslow, ed., The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812 (Toronto, 1964).
For the Underground Railway, see Robin W. Winks, The Blacks in Canada: A History (Montreal, 1971). The American settlement of the Canadian west is treated in
Paul Sharp, Whoop-up Country: The Canadian-American West, 1865–1885 (Minneapolis, Minn., 1955); Paul Sharp, The Agrarian Revolt in Western Canada: A Survey Showing American Parallels (Minneapolis, 1948); Karel Bicha, The American Farmer and the Canadian West, 1896–1914 (Lawrence, Kans., 1968); Harold Martin Troper, Only Farmers Need Apply: Official Canadian Government Encouragement of Immigration from the United States, 1896–1911 (Toronto, 1972), which includes a section on the blacks; and David Laycock, Populism and Democratic Thought in the Canadian Prairies, 1910 to 1945 (Toronto, 1990).
On religious groups, the following are useful: Brigham Y. Card et al., eds., The Mormon Presence in Canada (Edmonton, Alta, 1990); Frank H. Epp, The Mennonites in Canada, 1786–1920: The History of a Separate People (Toronto, 1974); and Victor Peters, All Things Common: The Hutterian Way of Life (Minneapolis, 1965). The role of American businessmen is examined in Duncan McDowall, Steel at the Sault: Francis H. Clergue, Sir James Dunn, and the Algoma Steel Corporation, 1901– 1956 (Toronto, 1984). For American labour radicalism, consult A. Ross MacCormack, Reformers, Rebels, and Revolutionaries: The Western Canadian Radical Movement, 1899–1919 (Toronto, 1977).
The 1930s produced two of the most detailed studies of Americans in Canada as part of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace series on “the relations of the United States and Canada.” Marcus Lee Hansen’sThe Mingling of the Canadian and American People (completed by J.B. Brebner, New Haven, Conn.) appeared in 1940, and R.H. Coats and M.C. MacLean published The American-born in Canada: A Statistical Interpretation (Toronto) in 1943. Both works tend to downplay distinctive differences among the American immigrants or between Americans and Canadians. This spirit of continental entente was characteristic not only of the Carnegie series but of Canadian-American relations for the period, particularly after the beginning of World War II. Both books stress the facility of interchange of population from one country to another to the exclusion of other themes and factors.
For the Vietnam War draft resisters, see Renée Kasinsky, Refugees from Militarism: Draft-Age Americans in Canada (New Brunswick, N.J., 1976), and David S. Surrey, “The Assimilation of Vietnam Era Draft Dodgers and Deserters into Canada: A Matter of Class” (PhD thesis, New School for Social Research, New York City, 1980). On recent American immigration to Canada, consult Monica Boyd, “The American Emigrant in Canada: Trends and Consequences,” International Migration Review, vol.15 (1979), 650–70.
