From: The Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples/Indo-caribbeans/Frank Birbalsingh
General studies that deal to some extent with Indo-Caribbeans include V.S. Naipaul, The Middle Passage, (London, 1960); Eric Williams, Inward Hunger (London, 1969); and Hugh Tinker, A New System of Slavery (Oxford, U.K., 1974).
There is, however, ample literature devoted specifically to Indo-Caribbeans. One of the earliest studies is by Dwarka Nath, A History of Indians in Guyana, rev. ed. (London, 1970). Much more recent ones include D. Dabydeen and B. Samaroo, eds., India in the Caribbean (London, 1987); Steven Vertovec, Hindu Trinidad (London, 1992); and T. Depoo, ed., The East Indian Diaspora (New York, 1993).
Two volumes in particular, both edited by F. Birbalsingh, Indenture and Exile (Toronto, 1989) and Indo-Caribbean Resistance (Toronto, 1993), are the results of conferences and other activities by the Ontario Society for Services to Indo-Caribbean Canadians and contain studies on Indo-Caribbeans in Canada; the latter work includes essays by Victor Ramraj and Kamala Jean Gopie, both of whom are discussed in this entry. There are more numerous shorter studies that address specific aspects of the Indo-Caribbean experience, including J.B. Landis, “Racial Attitudes of Africans and Indians in Guyana,” Social and Economic Studies, vol.22, no.4 (1973); Graeme Mount, “The Canadian Presbyterian Mission to Trinidad, 1868–1912,” Review Interamericana, vol.7, no.1 (1977), 3–45; Alan Adamson, “The Impact of Indentured Immigration on the Political Economy of British Guiana,” in Kay Saunders, ed., Indentured Labour in the British Empire, 1834–1920 (London and Canberra, 1984).
G. Sawh, ed., The Canadian Caribbean Connection, (Halifax, 1992), describes one of the first and more important Indo-Caribbean organizations in Canada, Nova Scotia’s Carindo Cultural Association.
