Further Reading

There is a vast historiography concerning the partition of India, the establishment of the state of Pakistan, and the history of Pakistan during the last fifty years. A few examples are: Khalid Bin Sayeed, Pakistan: The Formative Phase (Karachi, 1960; rev. ed., London, 1968) and The Political System of Pakistan (Boston, 1967); Ayesha Jalal, The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan’s Political Economy of Defense (Cambridge, U.K., 1990). Both Khalid Bin Sayeed and Iftikhar H. Malik have written insightful essays concerning the Mohajirs in Milton Israel and N.K. Wagle, eds., Ethnicity, Identity, Migration: The South Asian Context (Toronto, 1993). Peter Hardy’s survey The Muslims of British India (Cambridge, U.K., 1972) remains the best one-volume overview.

There are relatively few publications concerning Pakistani migration and settlement in Canada. The lack of distinctive Pakistani data collected and analysed by Statistics Canada adds to the difficulty and increases dependence on interviews, organizational publications, and indirect evidence. Sadiq Noor Alam Awan has published The People of Pakistani Origin in Canada: The First Quarter Century (Ottawa, 1976) and a revised edition under the title People of the Indus Valley: Pakistani Canadians (Ottawa, 1989). A number of articles on particular subjects include: Ghazala Shaheen and Cecilia Gonzales, “Clothing Practices of Pakistani Women Residing in Canada,” Canadian Ethnic Studies, vol.13, no.3 (1981), 120–26; C.M. Siddique, “Changing Family Patterns: A Comparative Analysis of Immigrant Indian and Pakistani Families of Saskatoon, Canada,” in G. Kurian and R.P. Srivastava, eds., Overseas Indians: A Study in Adaptation (New Delhi, 1983), 100–38; Sheila McDonough, “Muslims in Montreal,” in Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Jane Idleman Smith, eds., Muslim Communities in North America (Albany, N.Y., 1994), 317–44; and Harold Barclay, “The Muslim Experience in Canada,” in Harold Coward and Leslie Kamamura, eds., Religion and Ethnicity in Canada (Waterloo, Ont., 1978), 101–13.

Works that deal in general with the South Asian communities in Canada also contain much information on Pakistanis: Norman Buchignani and Doreen Indra, with Ram Srivastava, Continuous Journey: A Social History of South Asians in Canada (Toronto, 1985); and Milton Israel, In the Further Soil: A Social History of Indo-Canadians in Ontario (Toronto, 1994). For the group’s language retention, see M.H.K. Qureshi, “Urdu in Canada,” in “South Asians in Ontario,” Polyphony: The Bulletin of the Multicultural History Society of Ontario, vol.12 (1990), 35–41.

Kabir Qureshi, An Anthology of Modern Urdu Poetry (1988), provides access for English readers to this literary tradition as well as examples of the impact of the Canadian diaspora on subject and style. The journal Urdu Canada (Ottawa, 1986– ) is also useful in this regard.